Everything about Halteres totally explained
This article concerns insect anatomy. For halteres as used in ancient sports, see Halteres (ancient Greece)
Halteres (; singular
halter or
haltere), also known as
balancers or
poisers, are small knobbed structures found as a pair in some two-winged
insects; they're flapped rapidly to maintain stability when flying.
Halteres are
homologous to, and evolved from,
insect wings. The ancestral insect species had two pairs of wings (like most flying insect species today). In the
Strepsiptera the forewings changed into halteres, while in the
Diptera (flies, mosquitoes and gnats) the hindwings evolved into halteres.
Halteres operate as
vibrating structure gyroscopes: the vibrating halteres tend to maintain their plane of vibration, and if the body of the insect turns or changes direction in flight, a bending strain develops which the animal detects with
sensory organs known as
campaniform sensilla located at the base of the halteres.
Halteres thus act as a balancing and
guidance system, helping flies to perform their fast aerial acrobatics. They play an important role in stabilising the gaze of these insects during flight and also provide rapid feedback to wing-steering muscles to stabilise aerodynamic force moments. They are the equivalent of an aircraft's
attitude indicator.
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